北美俄亥俄州出土水獺外形個煙斗：修訂版本之間的差異
出自六年制學程
（→北美印第安文化） |
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| （未顯示2位用戶所作出之53次版本） | |||
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| − | === | + | [[分類:大英博物館百品特展]] |
| + | ===展品基本資料=== | ||
| + | [[File:British Museum otter pipe.jpg|313px|right]] | ||
*年代:西元前200年到西元100年之間 | *年代:西元前200年到西元100年之間 | ||
*出處:美國的俄亥俄州土塚市 | *出處:美國的俄亥俄州土塚市 | ||
| − | *高5. | + | *高5.1cm、深10cm、寬3.3cm |
*經緯度:40.3664、-82.7901 | *經緯度:40.3664、-82.7901 | ||
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===簡介=== | ===簡介=== | ||
抽菸會帶來快樂與危險。這支菸斗在2000年前的北美洲非常流行。他的形狀就像一支卡祖笛，他有一把長柄和一個碗狀的東西，是用略帶紅色的石頭雕刻而成，下面有個長約10cm的平直底座，底座一邊挖了一個小孔，當作菸頭咬嘴，煙斗的碗狀物用來放菸草，石頭磨得很光滑，水賴的頭向著菸頭咬嘴，因此抽菸的人在抽菸時眼睛會正好凝視著水賴的眼睛，且鼻子和水賴的鼻子也會碰在一起。這便是世界上人類最早使用的煙斗，人類抽菸斗的歷史從此開始。 | 抽菸會帶來快樂與危險。這支菸斗在2000年前的北美洲非常流行。他的形狀就像一支卡祖笛，他有一把長柄和一個碗狀的東西，是用略帶紅色的石頭雕刻而成，下面有個長約10cm的平直底座，底座一邊挖了一個小孔，當作菸頭咬嘴，煙斗的碗狀物用來放菸草，石頭磨得很光滑，水賴的頭向著菸頭咬嘴，因此抽菸的人在抽菸時眼睛會正好凝視著水賴的眼睛，且鼻子和水賴的鼻子也會碰在一起。這便是世界上人類最早使用的煙斗，人類抽菸斗的歷史從此開始。 | ||
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<img src="http://www.britishmuseum.org/images/mm040819_m.jpg" width="250" height="250" /> | <img src="http://www.britishmuseum.org/images/mm040819_m.jpg" width="250" height="250" /> | ||
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===北美印第安文化=== | ===北美印第安文化=== | ||
| − | [[File: | + | [[File:印加帝國2.png|400px]] |
| + | [[File:印加帝國3.png|200px]] | ||
| − | + | *抽菸是北美洲宗教和禮儀上必備的一部份，北美東部部落會進行大量的菸草袋作為貿易項目，部落的人民往往會用菸斗抽菸。菸草作為醫藥用途，作為一種止痛劑。它被用於耳痛和牙痛，偶爾作為膏藥。 | |
| − | [[File: | + | *詹姆斯城（Jamestown），約翰·羅爾夫（John Rolfe）是第一個知道如何種植菸草的人。1612年他引進素質優良的菸草種子，種出來的菸草品質更好。他在維吉尼亞州種植，並在英國出售，風味更受歡迎。羅爾夫和包爾坦酋長的女兒普卡康蒂公主（Pocahontas）結為夫妻。普卡康蒂的兒子也繼承父親的菸草種植業。 |
| + | *佛教和尚戒飲酒，酒是五戒之一，但未提到戒菸。《四分戒》中第四卷甚至提到佛祖教人為了治療熱帶性疾病去吸菸的方法。中國佛協第六屆全國代表會議通過《全國漢傳佛教寺院共住規約通則》，明確禁止吸菸。 | ||
| + | 香菸約於明朝末年傳入中國。1637年，崇禎為了禁菸，勒令以斬首示眾懲罰私種私售者。不過遼東與後金苦戰的兵部尚書洪承疇卻上奏說「遼東士卒，嗜此若命」，導致禁菸過程出現障礙。《清史稿》列傳十八有遼西將領孫得功駐守義州時曾疏言：「禁淡巴菰(ㄍㄨ)，令未能行。步兵皆用火器，尤宜申諭戒革……」。清初士人王士禛的筆記記載：「今世公卿士大夫下逮與隸婦女，無不嗜(ㄕˋ)菸草，田家種之連畛(ㄓㄣˇ)，頗獲厚利。考之《本草》、《爾雅》，皆不載。」 | ||
| + | 目前只有略高於5%的世界人口受到反吸菸法的保護。世界衛生組織估計，與吸菸相關的疾病每年導致大約500萬人過早死亡，其中有大約60萬非吸菸者死於二手菸的危害。 | ||
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| + | ===菸斗、菸種類=== | ||
| + | [[File:水煙.JPG|200px]] | ||
| + | [[File:煙絲.JPG|150px]] | ||
| + | [[File:雪茄.JPG|200px]] | ||
| + | [[File:香菸.jpeg|200px]] | ||
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| + | ===菸草病毒=== | ||
| + | [[File:菸草鑲嵌病毒.jpg|200px]] | ||
| + | *菸草鑲嵌病毒，又名菸草花葉病毒，是一種[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92 RNA病毒]，專門感染植物，尤其是菸草及其他茄科植物，能使這些受感染的葉片看來斑駁污損，因此得名。 | ||
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| + | ===國家、帝國=== | ||
| + | *印加帝國:11世紀至16世紀時位於南美洲的古老帝國，亦是前哥倫布時期美洲最大的帝國 | ||
| + | [[File:印加帝國國徽.png|200px]] | ||
| + | *阿茲特克:是一個存在於14世紀至16世紀的墨西哥古文明，是前哥倫布時期中美洲最大的帝國，也形成了獨特的阿茲特克文明。 | ||
| + | [[File:阿茲特克金字塔.jpg|200px]] | ||
===參考連結=== | ===參考連結=== | ||
*[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nordamerikanische_Kulturareale_en.png 維基共享資源 User:Nikater] | *[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nordamerikanische_Kulturareale_en.png 維基共享資源 User:Nikater] | ||
| + | *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E8%8D%89#.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2 菸草] | ||
| + | *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B 印加帝國] | ||
| + | *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8C%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B 阿茲特克] | ||
| + | *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91 美洲原住民] | ||
| + | *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%8F%B8 吸菸] | ||
| + | *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92 核糖核酸病毒] | ||
| + | *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%8F%B8 吸菸] | ||
| + | *[https://translate.google.com.tw/translate?hl=zh-TW&sl=zh-CN&u=http://archives.cnd.org/HXWK/column/History/kd100520-1.gb.html&prev=search 美國往事——北美的原住民：印地安人] | ||
| + | *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E8%8C%84 雪茄] | ||
| + | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Great_Basin Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin] | ||
| + | *[https://translate.google.com.tw/#en/zh-TW/Indigenous%20peoples%20of%20the%20Great%20Basin%0A%E5%87%BA%E8%87%AA%20Wikipedia%0A(%E5%B7%B2%E9%87%8D%E6%96%B0%E5%B0%8E%E5%90%91%E8%87%AA%20Desert%20Culture)%0A%0AThe%20Great%20Basin%20tribes%20region%20at%20the%20time%20of%20European%20contact%20was%20~400%2C000%20sq%20mi%20(1%2C000%2C000%20km2).%5B1%5D%3A220%0AThe%20Indigenous%20peoples%20of%20the%20Great%20Basin%20are%20Native%20Americans%20of%20the%20northern%20Great%20Basin%2C%20Snake%20River%20Plain%20and%20upper%20Colorado%20River%20basin.%20The%20%22Great%20Basin%22%20is%20a%20cultural%20classification%20of%20indigenous%20peoples%20of%20the%20Americas%20and%20a%20cultural%20region%20located%20between%20the%20Rocky%20Mountains%20and%20the%20Sierra%20Nevada%2C%20in%20what%20is%20now%20Nevada%2C%20and%20parts%20of%20Oregon%2C%20California%2C%20Idaho%2C%20Wyoming%2C%20and%20Utah.%20There%20is%20very%20little%20precipitation%20in%20the%20Great%20Basin%20area%20which%20affects%20the%20lifestyles%20and%20cultures%20of%20the%20inhabitants.%0A%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84%20%20%5B%E9%9A%B1%E8%97%8F%5D%20%0A1%20History%0A2%20Cultures%0A3%20Great%20Basin%20peoples%0A3.1%20Paiute%0A3.2%20Shoshone%0A3.3%20Ute%0A4%20Notes%0AHistory%5B%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%5D%0A%0AFremont%20culture%20petroglyphs%20of%20big%20horn%20sheep%2C%20Nine%20Mile%20Canyon%2C%20Utah%0A%0ARuby%20Snyder%20(Chemehuevi)%2C%20from%20Parker%2C%20Arizona%2C%201942%0AOriginal%20inhabitants%20of%20the%20region%20may%20have%20arrived%20by%2012%2C000%20BCE.%209%2C000%20BCE%20to%20400%20CE%20marks%20the%20Great%20Basin%20Desert%20Archaic%20Period%2C%20following%20by%20the%20time%20of%20the%20Fremont%20culture%2C%20who%20were%20hunter-gatherers%2C%20as%20well%20as%20agriculturalists.%20Numic%20language-speakers%2C%20ancestors%20of%20today's%20Western%20Shoshone%20and%20both%20Northern%20and%20Southern%20Paiute%20peoples%20entered%20the%20region%20around%20the%2014th%20century%20CE.%5B2%5D%0AThe%20first%20Europeans%20to%20reach%20the%20area%20were%20the%20Spanish%20Dominguez-Escalante%20Expedition%2C%20who%20passed%20far%20from%20present%20day%20Delta%2C%20Utah%20in%201776.%5B2%5D%20Great%20Basin%20settlement%20was%20relatively%20free%20of%20non-Native%20settlers%20until%20the%20first%20Mormon%20settlers%20arrived%20in%201847.%20Within%20ten%20years%2C%20the%20first%20Indian%20reservation%20was%20established%2C%20in%20order%20to%20assimilate%20the%20native%20population.%20The%20Goshute%20Reservation%20was%20created%20in%201863.%5B2%5D%20The%20attempted%20acculturation%20process%20included%20sending%20children%20to%20Indian%20schools%20and%20limiting%20the%20landbases%20and%20resources%20of%20the%20reservations.%0ABecause%20their%20contact%20with%20European-Americans%20and%20African-Americans%20occurred%20comparatively%20late%2C%20Great%20Basin%20tribes%20maintain%20their%20religion%20and%20culture%20and%20were%20leading%20proponents%20of%2019th%20century%20cultural%20and%20religious%20renewals.%20Two%20Paiute%20prophets%2C%20Wodziwob%20and%20Wovoka%2C%20introduced%20the%20Ghost%20Dance%20in%20a%20ceremony%20to%20commune%20with%20departed%20loved%20ones%20and%20bring%20renewal%20of%20buffalo%20herds%20and%20precontact%20lifeways.%20The%20Ute%20Bear%20Dance%20emerged%20on%20the%20Great%20Basin.%20The%20Sun%20Dance%20and%20Peyote%20religion%20flourished%20in%20the%20Great%20Basin%2C%20as%20well.%5B3%5D%0AIn%201930%2C%20the%20Ely%20Shoshone%20Reservation%20was%20established%2C%20followed%20by%20the%20Duckwater%20Indian%20Reservation%20in%201940.%5B2%5D%0AConditions%20for%20the%20Native%20American%20population%20of%20the%20Great%20Basin%20were%20erratic%20throughout%20the%2020th%20century.%20Economic%20improvement%20emerged%20as%20a%20result%20of%20President%20Franklin%20Roosevelt's%20Indian%20New%20Deal%20in%20the%201930s%2C%20while%20activism%20and%20legal%20victories%20in%20the%201970s%20have%20improved%20conditions%20significantly.%20Nevertheless%2C%20the%20communities%20continue%20to%20struggle%20against%20chronic%20poverty%20and%20all%20of%20the%20resulting%20problems%3A%20unemployment%3B%20substance%20abuse%3B%20and%20high%20suicide%20rates.%0AToday%20self-determination%2C%20beginning%20with%20the%201975%20passage%20of%20the%20Indian%20Self-determination%20and%20Education%20Assistance%20Act%2C%5B2%5D%20has%20enabled%20Great%20Basin%20tribes%20to%20develop%20economic%20opportunities%20for%20their%20members.%0ACultures%5B%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%5D%0A%0ABeaded%20moccasins%20that%20belonged%20to%20Chief%20Washakie%20(Shoshone)%2C%20Wyoming%2C%20c.%201900%0ADifferent%20ethnic%20groups%20of%20Great%20Basin%20tribes%20share%20certain%20common%20cultural%20elements%20that%20distinguish%20them%20from%20surrounding%20groups.%20All%20but%20the%20Washoe%20traditional%20speak%20Numic%20languages%2C%20and%20there%20has%20been%20considerable%20intermingling%20between%20the%20groups%2C%20who%20historically%20lived%20peacefully%20and%20often%20shared%20common%20territories.%20Prior%20to%20the%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大盆地的原住民(出自維基百科)] | ||
| + | *[http://geacron.com/home-zh-hans/?lang=zh-hans 世界历史地图集“及时间表] | ||
| + | *[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Four_cigars.jpg Four cigars.jpg] | ||
| + | *[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B8%E8%8D%89%E9%91%B2%E5%B5%8C%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92 菸草鑲嵌病毒] | ||
| + | *[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg Banner of the Inca Empire.svg] | ||
| + | *[http://www.wikiwand.com/zh-mo/%E5%8D%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B 印加帝國2] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===搜尋關鍵字=== | ||
| + | *北美印第安抽菸 | ||
| + | *菸草 | ||
| + | *北美印第安文化 | ||
| + | *印加帝國 | ||
| + | *水煙 | ||
| + | *香菸 | ||
| + | *雪茄 | ||
| + | *菸絲 | ||
| + | *阿茲特克金字塔 | ||
| + | *印加帝國國徽 | ||
2016年4月24日 (日) 23:15的最新修訂版本
展品基本資料
- 年代:西元前200年到西元100年之間
- 出處:美國的俄亥俄州土塚市
- 高5.1cm、深10cm、寬3.3cm
- 經緯度:40.3664、-82.7901
簡介
抽菸會帶來快樂與危險。這支菸斗在2000年前的北美洲非常流行。他的形狀就像一支卡祖笛，他有一把長柄和一個碗狀的東西，是用略帶紅色的石頭雕刻而成，下面有個長約10cm的平直底座，底座一邊挖了一個小孔，當作菸頭咬嘴，煙斗的碗狀物用來放菸草，石頭磨得很光滑，水賴的頭向著菸頭咬嘴，因此抽菸的人在抽菸時眼睛會正好凝視著水賴的眼睛，且鼻子和水賴的鼻子也會碰在一起。這便是世界上人類最早使用的煙斗，人類抽菸斗的歷史從此開始。
北美印第安文化
- 抽菸是北美洲宗教和禮儀上必備的一部份，北美東部部落會進行大量的菸草袋作為貿易項目，部落的人民往往會用菸斗抽菸。菸草作為醫藥用途，作為一種止痛劑。它被用於耳痛和牙痛，偶爾作為膏藥。
- 詹姆斯城（Jamestown），約翰·羅爾夫（John Rolfe）是第一個知道如何種植菸草的人。1612年他引進素質優良的菸草種子，種出來的菸草品質更好。他在維吉尼亞州種植，並在英國出售，風味更受歡迎。羅爾夫和包爾坦酋長的女兒普卡康蒂公主（Pocahontas）結為夫妻。普卡康蒂的兒子也繼承父親的菸草種植業。
- 佛教和尚戒飲酒，酒是五戒之一，但未提到戒菸。《四分戒》中第四卷甚至提到佛祖教人為了治療熱帶性疾病去吸菸的方法。中國佛協第六屆全國代表會議通過《全國漢傳佛教寺院共住規約通則》，明確禁止吸菸。
香菸約於明朝末年傳入中國。1637年，崇禎為了禁菸，勒令以斬首示眾懲罰私種私售者。不過遼東與後金苦戰的兵部尚書洪承疇卻上奏說「遼東士卒，嗜此若命」，導致禁菸過程出現障礙。《清史稿》列傳十八有遼西將領孫得功駐守義州時曾疏言：「禁淡巴菰(ㄍㄨ)，令未能行。步兵皆用火器，尤宜申諭戒革……」。清初士人王士禛的筆記記載：「今世公卿士大夫下逮與隸婦女，無不嗜(ㄕˋ)菸草，田家種之連畛(ㄓㄣˇ)，頗獲厚利。考之《本草》、《爾雅》，皆不載。」 目前只有略高於5%的世界人口受到反吸菸法的保護。世界衛生組織估計，與吸菸相關的疾病每年導致大約500萬人過早死亡，其中有大約60萬非吸菸者死於二手菸的危害。
菸斗、菸種類
菸草病毒
- 菸草鑲嵌病毒，又名菸草花葉病毒，是一種RNA病毒，專門感染植物，尤其是菸草及其他茄科植物，能使這些受感染的葉片看來斑駁污損，因此得名。
國家、帝國
- 印加帝國:11世紀至16世紀時位於南美洲的古老帝國，亦是前哥倫布時期美洲最大的帝國
- 阿茲特克:是一個存在於14世紀至16世紀的墨西哥古文明，是前哥倫布時期中美洲最大的帝國，也形成了獨特的阿茲特克文明。
參考連結
- 維基共享資源 User:Nikater
- 菸草
- 印加帝國
- 阿茲特克
- 美洲原住民
- 吸菸
- 核糖核酸病毒
- 吸菸
- 美國往事——北美的原住民：印地安人
- 雪茄
- Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin
- 大盆地的原住民(出自維基百科)
- 世界历史地图集“及时间表
- Four cigars.jpg
- 菸草鑲嵌病毒
- Banner of the Inca Empire.svg
- 印加帝國2
搜尋關鍵字
- 北美印第安抽菸
- 菸草
- 北美印第安文化
- 印加帝國
- 水煙
- 香菸
- 雪茄
- 菸絲
- 阿茲特克金字塔
- 印加帝國國徽
